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ONCE FIRING CLAY

once firing clay
This kiln is loaded and ready to once firing clay. The pieces cannot touch each other or anything else; for that matter.
See a once fired neolithic bowl at the Mertopolitain Museum of Art @ www.metmuseum.org

Neolithic potters vitrofied [ make insoluable in water ] and decorated their clay by once firing. Throughout most of recorded history, clay was formed and decorated by insizing or with a brushed colorent and fired once. The advancements of technology made multiple firings an attractive asset to the ceramic process.

Today, clay is typically fired twice. The first firing is called the bisque or biscuit firing. Bisque firing makes the clay stronger, easier to handle and shrinks it to its final size. An additional, glaze firing is done at a slightly lower temperture to assure a good “fit ” for the final glaze covering.

“Once firing;” bisques and glazes the clay in one firing.

HOW TO ONCE FIRE

The firing schedule is actually rather flexible.

It is okay to take longer than prescribed. But, it is not okay to to rush the process.

The trick is to slowly drive off the moisture in the clay with out creating any energy from steam as the kiln reaches 212 degrees F. The form will burst and foul the pieces around it. If you have a pyrometer, you can monitor the temperature to keep it below 212 degrees f for a couple of hours. At that low temperture, you could even use an oven thermeter.

Next, it is necessary to give the clay time to burn off the microscopic bits of organic matter lodged in the body of the clay. After all, the clay came from the ground. Even though, the clay has been processed and mixed by a clay manufacturer. There are minute particles of wood, leaves, bugs, etc, hiding within. [ 300 to 1000 degrees F ]

Mullite crystals grow throughout the interior of the clay body as the clay begins to reach its optmum temperture. Mullite crystals are the “glue” that holds the form together.

Around 1850 degrees F earthenware clay matures and stablizes. Any higher; much higher, the clay form can actually melt, collapse and may even run ! WOW !
Carefully, faithfully, follow these steps:

THE ONCE FIRE PROCEDURE

1.TWO HOURS;  WITH THE KILN LID PROPED OPEN

Preheat the kiln for two hours with only ONE switch or one element on; slowly heating the chamber with the lid slightly a jar. Keep the temperature as low as you can for as long as you can. Failing to turn the tempature up on time is not a problem. More time just adds time to the over all firing. Do not, however, give in to the temptation to speed up the process. you do not want to risk a whole load on a whim.

2. TWO HOURS; CLOSE THE LID; TURN ALL SWITCHES TO LOW

Now it is starting to cook. All the water will disapate. The organics will burn off and the chamber will be to work. “Work” in this context is actually a physics term. There is a physics equation that calculates the stress the clay in under by tracking the ratio of raising temperature to the length of time it takes per degree to rise.

3. TWO HOURS; TURN ALL SWITCHES TO MEDIUM

The terperature will, of course, contnue to climb. The critical stages are past.

4. Now [ after six or more hours ] TURN ALL SWITCHES TO HIGH.

It may take two or three more hours for kiln to melt the cone. The tempature will, of course, contnue to climb. The critical stages are past. be patient, it will happen.
Aftr the cone melts it will take ten to fourtee hours [ or more ] for the kiln to be cool enough to open. A quick peek will not really hurt. BUT, listen for the tell tale “ping” sound of the glaze crazing under the stress of a sudden thermal shock. They will alittle anyway, whenever they come out; no matter how cool they are.

clay head 01

GO TO CLAY HEAD LESSON PLAN

clay head 02

DOWNLOAD A CLAY HEAD LESSON PLAN: PDF

firing_schedule

DOWNLOAD A FIRING SCHEDULE FORM: PDF

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